ʻOiai ma mua o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka insulin, ua loaʻa nā hui like ʻole o nā pūpuna i loko o nā mokupuni o ka pancreatic.
Ua ʻike ʻia ka hormone glucagon pono e Merlin a ʻo Kimball i ka makahiki 1923, akā he mea liʻiliʻi wale nō i makemake i kēia ʻike i ka manawa, a he 40 mau makahiki ma hope iho, ua maopopo ka hana ʻana o kēia hāme i ke ʻano nui o ka physiological ma ka metabolism o nā kino ketone a me ka glucose.
Eia kekahi, ʻo kāna hana e like me ka lāʻau lapaʻau i kēia manawa he waiwai.
Nā waiwai kūlohelohe
ʻO Glucagon kahi polypeptide kaulahao hoʻokahi e waiho ana i nā koena acid amino 29. ʻO ka homology nui ma waena o ka glucagon a me nā hormone polypeptide ʻē aʻe, e like me
- huna
- kee peptide
- VIP.
ʻO ka huina amino acid o kēia hāmeʻa ua like like me nā mammals he like a i ka puaʻa, kānaka, nā ʻiʻo a me nā bipi; he haʻomaʻo pancreatic ia.
ʻO ke hana o ka physiological a me ke kūlana o nā hana mua o ka glucagon ʻaʻole i hoʻohālikelike ʻia. Akā aia kahi manaʻo e pili ana i ka kaila o ka hoʻopulapula o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana o preproglucagon e loaʻa iā lākou ka hana holoʻokoʻa.
I loko o nā hua ʻai o ka islet o ka pancreas aia nā mea kinipona huna, e hoʻokaʻawale ana i ke kumu waena, e kū ana i ka glucagon, a me ka ʻaoʻao o waho o ka glycine. ʻO nā L-cell i loaʻa ma loko o ka ʻōpū he mau granule e pili ana i ka glycine wale nō.
ʻO ka mea maʻamau paha, i kēia mau papa o ka pancreas, ʻaʻohe enzyme e hoʻohuli ana i ka glycine i ka glucagon.
Hoʻokomo ka ʻōkena Oxyntomodulin i ka cyclase adenylate ma o ka paa ʻana i nā ʻāpana glucagon e kū ana ma hepatocytes. ʻO ka hana o kēia peptide ma kahi o 20% o kēlā o ka glucagon.
ʻO ka protein like-like o ka glucagon like ʻole me ka hoʻoikaika mua i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka insulin, akā i ka manawa like ʻaʻole e hoʻopilikia i ka hepatocytes.
Loaʻa ka Glycine, nā peptides like-glucagon a me ka oxyntomodulin i loko o nā mau mea ʻawaʻawa. Ma hope o ka weheʻana i ka pancreas, hoʻomau ka huna ʻana o ka glukale.
Nā hoʻoponopono kānāwai
ʻO ka huni o ka glucagon, a me kona synthes ka hana no ka glucose ke kuleana o ka meaʻai, a me ka insulin, nā momona momona a me nā kumu amino. ʻO ka Glucose ka mea paʻa ikaika o ka hoʻokumu hana glucagon.
He hopena ikaika loa ia i ka mea huna a me ka synthes o kēia hormone ke lawe ʻia a waha ʻia ma mua o ka wā i hana ʻia intravenously, ʻike ʻia kēia e kāna mau ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo no ka hoʻohana.
Ma ka like like, hana ka glucose i ka hana ʻikena o ka insulin. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa loa, ua pili kēia hopena me ka hana o nā hormones digestive a ua nalowale hoʻi i ka uku hoʻemi ʻia ʻana o ka maʻi mellitus (insulin-dependence) a i ʻole hoʻi o ka mālama ʻana.
ʻAʻohe mea ma ka moʻomeheu o a-cell. ʻO ia, hiki iā mākou ke hopena i ka hopena o ka glucose i kahi-a-cell, i kekahi wahi, ke hilinaʻi nei i ka hoʻolaʻa ʻana o ka inikini insulin. ʻO nā momona momona, nā somatostatin a me nā kino ketone e hoʻopili ana i ka mea huna a me ka pae o ka glucagon.
Hoʻonui ka hapanui o nā waikina amino i ka mea huna o ka insulin a me ka glucagon. ʻO ia ke kumu ma hope o ka ʻai ʻana i ka meaʻai me nā protein wale nō, ʻaʻole hoʻomaka kahi kanaka i ka hypoglycemia i hoʻohui ʻia e ka insulin a me nā hana pancreatic āpau e hana mau.
E like me ka glucose, ua nui ka hopena o nā waikawa amino i ka wā e lawe ʻia ai ma mua o ka mea i hoʻonā ʻia ʻia. ʻO ia, ua pili i kā lākou hopena me nā hormones digestive. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka huna ʻana o ka glucagon e mālama ʻia e ka ʻōnaehana saraf autonomic.
Hoʻonui ʻia ka mea huna a me ke kāpili ʻana o kēia hormone e ka huhū o nā kinipona syiwi e pili ana i ka hoʻokomo ʻana o nā ʻuā pancreatic, me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka sympathomimetics a me adrenostimulants.
Hoʻokumu ʻia ka syntabolism a me ka syntagon glucagon me nā ʻōlelo aʻe:
- Mālama ka Glucagon i ka luku koke ʻana i ka nui o ka ate, ka plasma a me nā ʻōpū, a me kekahi mau paʻi.
- ʻO kona hapalua hapa o ka plasma he 3-6 mau minuke wale nō.
- Ua nalowale ka hie o ka hana lāʻau i ka wā e hoʻopuni ai ʻo proteases i ke koena o ka histidine N-terminal.
Nā hana hana i ka hana
Hoʻopaʻa ka Glucagon i kahi ʻāpana kūikawā i loaʻa i ka membrane o nā cell target. ʻO kēia receptor kahi koʻikoʻi glycoprotein kiko molekue.
ʻAʻole paha ia i hiki ke wehewehe pono i kona ʻano, akā ʻike ʻia, nakinaki ʻia ia i kahi protein Gj e hoʻoulu ai i ka adenylate cyclase a pili i kona synt synt.
ʻO ka hopena koʻikoʻi o ka glucagon ma nā hepatocytes e hele mai ma o ka cyclic AMP. Ma muli o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka māhele o ka N-terminal o ka molekone glucagon, ua hoʻohuli ʻia ia i loko o kahi agonist ʻāpana.
ʻOiai e mālama nei i ka pilina no ka mea nānā, ua nalowale loa kona hiki ke hoʻoikaika i ka cyclase adenylate. ʻO kēia ʻanoʻano e kū nei i ka des-His - [Glu9] -glucagonamide a [Phen] -glucagon.
Hoʻoholo kēia enzyme i ka kukuna intracellular o ka fructose-2,6-diphosphate, e pili ana i ka glycogenolysis a me gluconeogenesis.
Inā kiʻekiʻe ke kiʻekiʻe o ka glucoseagon a wikiwiki ka synthesis, a laila me ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o ka phosphorylation insulin o ka 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase / fructose-2,6-diphosphatase e hoʻomaka a hoʻomaka ia e hana me ka phosphatase.
I kēia hihia, hoʻemi ka nui o ka fructose-2,6-diphosphate i loko o ka ate. Me kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka insulin a me kahi liʻiliʻi o ka glucoseagon, ka dephosphorylation o ka enzyme e hoʻomaka, a e hana ana me kahi kinase, hoʻonui i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka fructose-2,6-diphosphate.
Ke alakaʻi nei kēia lāʻau i ka hoʻōla ʻana o ka phosphofructokinase - he enzyme e wikiwiki ana i ka hoʻopihapiha ʻana o ka hopena glycolysis.
No laila, me ka ʻike nui o ka glucagon, hoʻāla ʻia ka glycolysis a ua hoʻonui ʻia ka gluconeogenesis, a me kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka insulin, hana ʻia ka glycolysis. Hoʻopaʻi ʻia ʻo Ketogenesis a me gluconeogenesis.
Ke noi
ʻO Glucagon, a me ke ʻano la, ka mea i hoʻōki i ka hōʻeha ʻana o ka hypoglycemia i kahi hiki ʻole ke hoʻokō i ka glucose intravenous. ʻO nā ʻōkuhi no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hormone ua wehewehe pono i nā mea āpau
Loaʻa pinepine kēia i nā mea maʻi me ka maʻi maʻi maʻi maʻi. Eia kekahi, hoʻohana ʻia kēia hāmeʻa i ka diagnostics radiation e hoʻomake i ke kumu o ka ʻāpana o ka huina. I kēia hihia, he mau koho ʻē aʻe i ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka hormone.
ʻO Glucagon, i hoʻohana ʻia i ka lāʻau lapaʻau, ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana mai ka pancreas o nā puaʻa a me nā bipi paha. ʻO kēia no ka hopena o ka loaʻaʻana o nā waikona amino o ka glucagon i kēia mau holoholona i ke kauoha like. Me ka hypoglycemia, ke kāhea ʻia ka hormone intramuscularly, intravenously a i ʻole subcutaneously i ka huina o 1 mg
Ma nā hihia paʻakikī, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi e hoʻohana i ka glucagon a me nā ala ʻelua ʻelua o ka hoʻokele. Ma hope o 10 mau minuke, e hoʻokele ana ka hoʻomaikaʻi, kahi e hōʻemi ai i nā hōʻeha o nā maʻi ʻōnaehana o waena.
ʻO ka Hyperglycemia ma lalo o ka hana a glucagon he manawa pōkole wale ia, ʻaʻole paha e hiki ke kōkaʻi ʻia inā ʻaʻole i lawa nā glycogen ma loko o ka ate. Ma hope o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ke ʻano, pono ka mea maʻi e ʻai i kekahi mea a i ʻole ka hana ʻana i ka glucose i mea e pale ai i ka hoʻoulu hou ʻana o ka hypoglycemia. ʻO ka hopena maʻamau e pili ana i ka glagonagon i ka luaʻi a me ka luaʻi.
- Ua kuhikuhi ʻia kēia hormon ma mua o kahi hōʻike hoʻāʻo o ka X-ray o ka gastrointestinal tract, ma mua o ka MRI a me ka kiʻi ʻana i kiʻi i ka retograde e hoʻomaha i nā ʻeha o ka pūpū a me ka ʻōpū a hoʻomaikaʻi i kā lākou hana.
- Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Glucagon e hōʻoluʻolu i nā kuʻuna i nā maʻi o ka tractary o ka tractary a me nā sphincter o Oddi a i ʻole diverticulitis.
- Me he mea kōkua o ka wehe ʻana i nā pōhaku mai ka puʻuwai e hoʻohana ana i ka pahu Dormia, a me ka invagination o ka ʻōpū a me nā hana i loaʻa i loko o ka esophagus a hoʻomaikaʻi i kā lākou hana.
- Hoʻohana ʻia ka mea huna Glucagon e like me ka mea hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua no ka pheochromocytoma, no ka mea e hoʻōla i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o catecholamines e nā sela o kēia ʻano maʻi.
- Hoʻohana ʻia kēia hormone e mālama i ka pīhoihoi, me ka loaʻa ai he hopena inotropic ma ka puʻuwai. He kūpono ia i nā maʻi e lawe ana i ka beta-blockers, no ka mea ʻaʻole hana ka adrenostimulants i nā hihia like.
