ʻO ka insulin ka hāmeʻa protein-peptide i hua ʻia e nā ʻāpana beta pancreatic.
ʻO ka mole o ka insulin i loko o kona ʻano he ʻelua mau kaulahao polypeptide. ʻO kekahi kaulahao ka 21 o nā kūmole amino, a ʻo ka lua he 30 mau waikena amino. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā Chain ma o nā alahaka peptide. ʻO ka paona molekala o ke ake o ka moleki e like me 5700. Ma ka aneane o nā holoholona āpau, like ka mole o ka insulin i like me kēlā me kēia, me kaʻole o nā mau kiʻī a me nā kiʻī, ʻokoʻa ka like o nā lālani holoholona ma mua o nā holoholona. ʻO kekahi ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe i waena o ka insulin i nā isika, ua hua ʻia ia i ʻelua ʻano.
ʻO ka mea like loa o ka hoʻolālā kumu mua ma waena o ke kanaka a me ka ʻoli puaʻa.
ʻO ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā hana o ka insulin e hiki mai ana ma muli o kona hiki ke launa pū me nā mea kikoʻī kūikawā i kūloko ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke kōiwi. Ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana, e kūkulu ʻia kahi mea hoʻonani insulin. Hoʻomaka ka hopena hopena i ka pā a hoʻopilikia i ka nui o nā kaʻina o ka metabola.
I nā mommals, aia nā insulin receptors i kokoke i nā ʻano āpau āpau kahi i kūkulu ʻia ai ke kino. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā cell target, he hepatocytes, myocytes, lipocytes, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka ulu ʻana o ka pūnao paʻakikī ma waena o ka mea i hōʻemi a me ka insulin.
Hiki i ke Insulin ke hoʻohālike i nā ʻāpana āpau a me nā umauma o ke kino o ke kanaka, akā, ʻo nā mea nui e ʻoi ai nā mea ikaika o ke kiko a me ke kino adipose.
A
ʻO Nsulin kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻopauʻana i ka paʻakai i ka huina. Hoʻonui ka hormone i ka kao o ka glucose ma o ka membrane pūnaewele a me kāna hoʻohana ʻana e nā kaola kūloko.
Me ka komoʻana o ka insulin, ua hoʻohuihui ʻia ka glycogen ma nā kōpona ate mai ka glucose. ʻO kahi hana hou o ka insulin ka hoʻomālamalama o ka wāwahi o ka glycogen a me kona hoʻololi i ka glucose.
I kahi hihia o ke kipi i loko o ke kino o ke kaʻina hana ka nui o ke ʻano, ua ulu nā ʻano like ʻole, ʻo kekahi ka maʻi maʻi.
I ka loaʻa ʻana o ka insulin i loko o ke kino, e pono ai kāna ʻoihana mai waho.
I kēia manawa, ua kālai like nā lāʻau lapaʻau i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole o kēia ʻano hoʻohui, i like me nā ʻano like ʻole.
Nā kuʻuna no ka helu ʻana i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ka insulin
Kūlike nā keʻena insulin āpau i kūkulu ʻia e nā huahana lāʻau lapaʻau honua ma nā ʻano he nui. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona nui o ka ʻano o ka insulin:
- kumu
- ka wikiwiki o ke komo ʻana i ka hana i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ke kino a me ka lōʻihi o ka hopena therapeutic;
- ka helu o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe o ka lāʻau a me ke ʻano o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana o ka hormone.
Kālai ʻia i ka mea i hoʻokumu ʻia, ka helu ʻana o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā insulin e:
- Kūlohelohe - biosynthetic - ua hana ʻia nā lāʻau o nā kumu kūlohelohe me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pancreas o nā bipi. ʻO ia mau ʻano no ka hana ʻana o ka inika i ka paina GPP, ka ultralente MS. ʻO ka insulin Actrapid, insulrap SPP, monotard MS, semilent a me kekahi mau mea e hua ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pancreas puaʻa.
- ʻO nā lāʻau lapaʻau ʻiliʻili a i ʻole nā ʻano kūikawā. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau lāʻau lapaʻau me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano hana loea genetic. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka Insulin me ka ʻenehana recombinant DNA. Hana kēia ʻano i nā insulins e like me actrapid NM, homofan, isofan NM, humulin, ultratard NM, monotard NM, etc.
Wahi a nā ʻano o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me ka maʻemaʻe o ka hopena hopena, hoʻokaʻawale ka insulin:
- crystallized and non-chromatographed - ruppa pili i ka hapa nui o ka insulin kuʻuna. Nā mea i hana mua ʻia ma ka ʻāina o ka Lūkini Lūkini, i kēia manawa ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia kēia pūʻulu o nā lāʻau lapaʻau ma Russia;
- ʻAi ʻia a hoʻoili ʻia me nā gels, nā mākaukau o kēia pūʻulu he mono- a hoʻokahi paha;
- kristai ʻia a hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā gels a me nā mea hoʻololi whakawhitinga chromatography, monocomponent insulins no kēia hui.
ʻO ka hui o nā crystallized a kānana ʻia e ka sieves molekala a me ka chromatography ion-exchange e loaʻa ana i ka Actrapid, Insulrap, Actrapid MS, Semilent MS, Monotard MS a me nā insulins MS Ultralent MS.
Ka helu ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau e pili ana i ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻomaka o ka hopena a me ka lōʻihi o ka hana
Ka helu ʻana ma muli o ka wikiwiki a me ka lōʻihi o ka hana a ka insulin e pili ana i kēia mau pūʻulu o nā lāʻau lapaʻau.
Ke hana wikiwiki a hana wikiwiki. Aia kēia ʻano i nā lāʻau lapaʻau e like me Actrapid, Actrapid MS, kahi Actrapid NM, Insulrap, Homorap 40, Insuman Rapid a me nā mea'ē aʻe. Hoʻomaka ka lōʻihi o ka hana o kēia mau lāʻau i ka 15-30 mau minuke ma hope o ka lawelawe ʻana o ka maʻi i ka mea maʻi me ka maʻi mellitus. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka hopena therapeutic i nānā ʻia no nā hola 6-8 ma hope o ka paʻi ʻana.
Ke ʻano o nā lāʻau lapaʻau me ka lōʻihi o ka hana. ʻO kēia pūʻulu o nā lāʻau lapaʻau e komo pū ana me Semilent MS; - Humulin N, Humulin tape, Homofan; - kaomi, kaomi MS, Monotard MS. ʻO nā lāʻau lapaʻau no kēia pūʻulu insulins e hoʻomaka i ka hana ma o 1-2 mau hola ma hope o ka hoʻonā ʻia ʻana, ua mau ka hopena o ka lāʻau lapaʻau i nā hola 12-16. Hoʻokomo pū kekahi ʻano me kēia ʻano i nā lāʻau like e like me ka Iletin I NPH, Iletin II NPH, Insulong SPP, aīkipine ʻo GPP, SPP, e hoʻomaka ana e hana i nā hola 2-4 ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana. A ʻo ka lōʻihi o ka hana o ka insulin ma kēia ʻano he 20-24 mau hola.
ʻO nā lāʻau lapaʻau paʻakikī, kahi e loaʻa ai nā insulins medium-lōʻihi a me nā insulins hana pōkole. Hoʻomaka nā mea paʻakikī o kēia hui e hana i nā minuke 30 ma hope o ka hoʻokomoʻana i ka diabetes mellitus i loko o ke kino o ke kanaka, a ʻo ka lōʻihi o kēia paʻu, mai 10 a 24 mau hola. Hoʻokomo ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka mākaukau me ka mea hana actrafan NM, humulin M-1; M-2; M-3; M-4, insuman comb. 15/85; 25/75; 50/50.
ʻO nā lāʻau lapaʻau lōʻihi. Loaʻa kēia ʻāpana āpau i nā mea olakino e loaʻa i kahi ola hana ma ke kino mai 24 a 28 mau hola. ʻO kēia ʻenehana o nā lāʻau lapaʻau e komo pū ana me ka ultralente, ultralente MS, ultralente NM, insulin superlente SPP, humulin ultralente, ultratard NM.
Ke lawe ʻia nei nā koho o ka lāʻau lapaʻau e pono ai no ka mālama ʻana e ka endocrinologist e nā hopena o ka hoʻokolokolo o ke kino o ka mea maʻi.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o nā lāʻau lapaʻau pōkole
ʻO nā pono o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā insulins pōkole eia nā mea: hele ka hana o ka lāʻau lapaʻau, hiki iā lākou ke kiʻekiʻe i ke kahe o ke koko e like me ka physiological, ʻaʻole i pōkole ka hana o ka insulin.
ʻO ka hemahema o kēia ʻano lāʻau ka mea liʻiliʻi o ka manawa o kā lākou hana. Pono kahi hana pōkole e hoʻokele ai i ka hoʻokele insulin.
ʻO nā hōʻailona nui no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā insulins pōkole e like me kēia:
- Ke mālama nei i ka poʻe me ka diabetes mellitus-hilinaʻi mellitus. Ke hoʻohana ʻia nei i ka lāʻau lapaʻau, he ʻopokolo kēia kāna hoʻokele.
- Ke mālama nei i nā hopena koʻikoʻi o ka maʻi non-insulin-hilinaʻi i nā pākeke.
- Ke hele a maʻi kahi maʻi hyperglycemic maʻi. Ke mālama nei i ka lāʻau no kēia ʻano, e mālama ʻia ka lāʻau lapaʻau e like me ka subcutaneously a me intravenously.
ʻO kahi koho o ka hana o ka lāʻau lapaʻau he pilikia paʻakikī a lawe ʻia e ka endocrinologist. Ke hoʻoholo nei i ka dosage, pono ia e noʻonoʻo i nā hiʻohiʻona pilikino o ke kino o ka mea maʻi.
ʻO kahi ala maʻalahi loa no ka laʻana o ka nui o ka lāʻau e pono ai ka mālama ʻana i kēlā me kēia grika o ke kō i loko o ka urine, 1U o kahi lāʻau lapaʻau i loaʻa i ka insulin e pono ai i loko o ke kino. Kuhi ʻia ka ʻike mua ʻia o nā lākaʻi ma lalo o ka mākaʻi o ke kauka i kahi haukapila.
Hoʻohālikelike ka lōʻihi o ka insulin
Kūkulu ʻia ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā insulins hana lōʻihi i kekahi mau loina kumu a me ka paakai paʻakai, kahi e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke hana i ka hopena o ke ʻano hoʻoluhi hoʻolōʻihi a me ka hana lōʻihi o ka lāʻau lapaʻau i ke kino o ka mea maʻi.
ʻO ka protein e kūkulu ai i ka lāʻau he protamine a me globin, a me ka mea paʻakikī hoʻi i ka zinc. ʻO ka heleʻana o nā mea i hoʻohui aʻe i ka mākaukau paʻakikī e hoʻololi i ka hana kiʻekiʻe o ka lāʻau lapaʻau i ka manawa. Hoʻololi iki ka lūlū, me ka hoʻolako ʻana i kahi pālahalaha haʻahaʻa o ka insulin i ke koko o ka mea maʻi no ka lōʻihi.
ʻO nā pono o ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau o ka hana lōʻihi
- ka mea pono o ka helu liʻiliʻi o nā huina i loko o ke kino o ka mea maʻi;
- ka heleʻana o kahi pH kiʻekiʻe i ka lāʻau lapaʻau e hoʻoliʻeha i ka ʻeha.
ʻO nā hemahema o ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia pūʻulu o nā lāʻau lapaʻau:
- ka haʻalele ʻana o kahi pīpī i ka wā e hoʻohana ai i ka lāʻau lapaʻau, ʻaʻole ia e ʻae ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana o kēia pūʻulu o nā lāʻau lapaʻau no ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻano maʻi maʻi maʻi maʻamau, e hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau lāʻau i nā mea hoʻohālike wale nō o ka maʻi;
- ʻAʻole ke ʻae ʻia nā lāʻau lapaʻau e komo i ka vein, i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kēia lāʻau lapaʻau i loko o ke kino e ka intravenous injection e hoʻonāukiuki i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o embolism.
I kēia lā, aia ka nui o nā mea i loaʻa i ka insulin i nā mea o nā hana lōʻihi. Ke lawe ʻia nei ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā kālā ma o ka hiki ʻana a subcutaneous injection wale nō.
