No ka mea ʻānō ka piha o nā papa alkohol, ʻo ka huaʻala "kolamu" wale nō ka mea kūpono loa, ʻoiai ka inoa "kolesterol" (maʻa maoli "ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī) no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana mai nā gallstones) ua hāʻawi ʻia i ka pūhui me nā kuʻuna - kiʻi mua ʻia i ka makahiki 1769 e ka loea Farani Pouletier de Ua hōʻike ʻo La Sal, i nā mea ʻike maoli o nā momona, kahi i hana mua ʻia ai ia.
Ma muli o kekahi mau hana hemahema o ka poʻe ʻepekema, ua haʻi ʻia ka cholesterol ʻo "ʻenehana No. 1" no ke olakino o ke kino no nā makahiki he nui, ka mea i hoʻohemo maoli ai i ka pāʻai meaʻai, ʻoihana a me nā hana lapaʻau - me nā huahana haʻahaʻa nā wai, a me nā ʻano hana hou i loko o ka honua ka mea e hiki ai ke hōʻemi i ka kukuna hoʻohui i ke koko, a me kēia mau mea a pau - a kaohi i nā polokalamu no ka "pōpilikia" i hiki ke mālama mau ʻia.
Ma ke ala maikaʻi e nānā ai i ka hanaʻino o kekahi a i ʻole ke kumu ʻē aʻe i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana iā ia mai ke kaʻe, ua hana ʻia kēia - ma ke ʻano, ke ʻohi nei ke ao holoʻokoʻa i nā hua catastrophic o kahi "meaʻai hoʻēmi", a hoʻomaka ʻia nā mea ʻepekema e hana i nā kumu hoʻopiʻi a hoʻohiki hoʻi e hoʻoponopono. Akā e hiki ke hana i kēia ma ke hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka hoʻomaka a me ka hana maoli a ka waiwai o ke kino.
ʻO nā hana nui o ka cholesterol
Eia ka mea i ke ʻano he mea waiwai nui (ka nui o ka stabilizer) o ka membrane cytoplasmic, e hōʻoia ana i ka paʻa ʻana o kāna papala ʻelua ma muli o ke kau hou ʻana o nā mololi phospholipid, e hōʻike ana ka kololo iā ia iho he kumu-regulator o ka manawa o nā pā o ka cell, pale i ka hemolysis koko (ka hopena o nā poʻomanaʻo hemolytic ma erythrocyte) . ^ E Ha yM.
Mālama pū ʻia ka lawelawe hoʻomaka ʻana no ka hana ʻana o nā pūhui o ka hui ʻo steroid.
- nā hormones corticosteroid;
- sex;
- hua hua bile;
- ʻO nā huaora D-hui (ergocalciferorol a me cholecalciferol).
Hāʻawi ʻia i ka nui o ke kino o kēlā me kēia hui o nā mea i lilo, e lilo ia i ka hōʻeha o ka ʻānai ʻana i kahi meaʻai ʻole-kolamu a i ʻole ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka pae o ke ʻano o kēia mau mea i loko o ke koko.
Ma muli o kona hikiʻole i ka wai, hiki ke halihali ʻia kēia mea e ke koko e hui pū ai me nā protein transporter (apolipoproteins), i hui pū ʻia me nā lipoprotein paʻakikī.
Ma muli o ka hele ʻana o nā mau apolipoproteins like ʻole (me ka ʻokoʻa o ka paona molekole, ko lākou kiʻekiʻe o tropism no ka kolamu, a no ka hiki ke paʻakikī o ka puʻuwai i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ke koko, a me nā ʻano kūwili o nā crystals kolamu e hoʻokumu i nā plika atherosclerotic).
- ka palena kiʻekiʻe (HDL, a i ke koʻikoʻi kiʻekiʻe, a i ʻole HDL-lipoproteins);
- nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (LDL, a i nā momona liʻiliʻi, a i ʻole LDL-lipoproteins);
- haʻahaʻa loa (VLDL, koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi molekeli haʻahaʻa, a i ʻole VLDL māhele o lipoproteins);
- chylomicrons.
I nā kiko o ka periphery, komo i ke kolikoli i nā chylomicrons, LDL a i VLDL, i ka ate (me ka wehe ʻana o ke kino) - ma ka lawe ʻana i nā apolipoproteins o ka ʻāpana HDL.
Nā hiʻohiʻona ʻōpiopio
I mea e hoʻohala ai nā poli o ka atherosclerotic mai kolesterol (e lilo i "pika" ma luna o ka pā pā i hōʻino ʻia, a me nā "spacers" kūloko i kahi ma kahi o lākou e hoʻonanea ai ka ʻōpū o ka iwi ma ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana i ka hāʻule - ka hāʻule o ka pūnaewele), a i ʻole nā hormon. a i ʻole nā huahana ʻē aʻe, ma ke kino e hana mua ʻia i loko o kekahi o nā wahi ʻekolu.
- ʻili
- na mea kinaki;
- nui ka ate.
No ka mea, ʻo nā selela nā peka (ko lākou cytosol a me ka endoplasmic hoʻonaninani hope) nā mea nui o ka pūnao (ma 50% a i ʻole), pono e noʻonoʻo pono ke ʻano o ka hāmeʻa mai ke ʻano o nā hopena i kū mai i loko.
ʻO ka synthesis o ke kolamu e loaʻa ma nā papa he 5 - me kahi hoʻokumu ʻano:
- mevalonate;
- isopentenyl pyrophosphate;
- squalene;
- lanosterol;
- kolala maoli.
He mea hiki ʻole ke kaulahao o ka loli me ka ʻole o ke komo ʻana i nā huina e hana ai i kēlā me kēia ma kahi o ke ʻano.
He wikiō ma ka synthesis cholesterol:
ʻO Enzyme i hoʻopili ʻia i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā mea
I ka hana mua (e pili ana i ʻekolu mau hana), ka hoʻokumu ʻana o acetoacetyl-CoA (ma aneinafter CoA - coenzyme A) e hoʻomaka ana e ka acetyl-CoA-acetyltrasferase (thiolase) ma ka hoʻopiha ʻana o nā molekele acetyl-CoA. Eia kekahi, me ka komo ʻana o ka HMG-CoA synthase (hydroxymethyl-glutaryl-CoA synthase), synthesis mai acetoacetyl-CoA a me kekahi molekula o acetyl-CoA ꞵ-hydroxy-ꞵ-methylglutaryl-CoA hiki ke loaʻa.
Ma ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana o ka HMG (ꞵ-hydroxy-ꞵ-methyl-glutaryl-CoA) e ke kāʻei ʻana o ka ʻāpana HS-CoA me ka komo ʻana o ka hydroxymethyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-CoA reductase), nā hua waena waena, ʻoi aku ka cholesterol me (meval) )
I ke kinipōpili o ka isopentinyl pyrophosphate, ʻehā mau ʻano hana. Ma ke ʻano o ka mevalonate kinase (a laila fosomevalonate kinase), ua hoʻohuli ʻia ʻo Mevalonate i ka 5-phosphomevalonate ma ka 1 a me 2 mevalvalate kinase (a laila fosomevalonate kinase), a laila i ka 5-pyrophosphomevalonate, e lilo i 3-phospho-5-pyrophosphomevalonate i ka manawa 3 (phosphorylate) (me ke komo ʻana o ka enzyme kinase).
ʻO ka hana hope, ka decarboxylation a me ka dephosphorylation me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka isopentinyl pyrophosphate (i hoʻomaka ʻia e ka komo ʻana o ka pyrophosphomevalonate decarboxylase).
I ka hana ʻana o ka squalene, ʻo ka isomerization o mua ka isopentenyl pyrophosphate i ka dimethylallyl pyrophosphate ka hana (ma lalo o ka mana o isopentyl phosphatisomerase), a laila hoʻopaʻa ʻia isopentenyl pyrophosphate me dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (kahi hana uila ma waena o C5 mua a me C5 lua mea) me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka pyrophosphate geranyl (a me ka wehe ʻana o ka molekole pyrophosphate).
I ka hana aʻe, hoʻopuka kahi pilina ma waena o C5 isopentenyl pyrophosphate ame C10 geranyl pyrophosphate - ma muli o ka hoʻopulapula o ka mea mua me ka lua, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā farnesyl pyrophosphate a ua hoʻohiki ʻia nā molekikala pyrophosphate e hope mai C15.
Hoʻopau kēia hana ma ke ʻano o nā molekū pyrophosphate farnesyl ma zona C15- C15 (ma ke kumu poʻomanaʻo ke poʻo-i ke poʻo) me ka wehe ʻana o nā molekōnoho 2 pyrophosphate i hoʻokahi manawa. No ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā molekule ʻelua, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā wahi o nā pūʻulu pyrophosphate, kahi alakaʻi koke ʻia i kekahi, kahi e alakaʻi ai i ka pondrophosphate presquale. I ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana o NADPH (me ka wehe ʻana o ka pyrophosphate lua), kēia mea kikowaena waena (ma lalo o ka mana o squalene synthase) e lilo i skavalen.
I ka hana ʻana o ka lanosterol aia he 2 mau hana: ʻo ka mea mua i pau me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka epoxide squalene (ma lalo o ka mana o ka squalene epoxidase), ka lua - me ka hoʻolilo ʻana o ka epoxide squalene i loko o ka huahana hope loa o ka hana - lan lanolol. Ke neʻe nei i kahi hui metil mai C14 iā C13, a mai C8 iā C14 ʻike iā oxidosqualene-lanosterol cyclase.
ʻO ka hana hope o ke aniani ka huina o 5 mau hana. E like me ka hopena o ka maikaʻi o C14 Hōʻulu ʻia ka pūhui methyl o nā lanosterol i kahi pūhui i kapa ʻia ʻo 14-desmethylanosterol. Ma hope o ka lawe ʻana i ʻelua mau hui metil a (ma C4) lilo ka mea i ka zymosterol, a ma muli o ke kaʻe o ka pālua C8= C9 e noho mana C8= C7 ka hana ʻana o δ-7,24-cholestadienol e hele nei (ma lalo o ka hana a isomerase).
Ma hope o ka neʻe ʻana i ka pilina paʻa C7= C8 e noho mana C5= C6 (me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o desmosterol) a me ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana o ka pālua hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ke kaulahao ʻaoʻao, ua haku ʻia ka waiwai hope loa - kolesterol (a i ʻole kekahi, cholesterol). ʻO ka "δ" 24-reductase enzyme "e kuhikuhi" i ka pae hope loa o ka synthesis syntesterol.
He aha ka pili o ke ʻano o ka cholesterol?
Hāʻawi ʻia i ka solubility haʻahaʻa o ka lipoproteins kaumaha haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (LDL), ko lākou makemake i ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā kolikoli kolesterol (me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā palaka atherosclerosis i nā kīhaka e hoʻonui ai i ka hopena o ka hoʻopiʻi o ka maʻi cardiov a me ka vascular), nā lipoproteins o kēia ʻano i kapa ʻia ʻo "cholesterol maikaʻi", aʻo nā lipoproteins kiʻekiʻe me ke kaumaha o ka molopala (HDL) me nā waiwai kū'ē (me ka ʻole o ka loaʻa o ka atherogenicity) i kapa ʻia ʻo "cholesterol" maikaʻi. "
I ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka pilina o kēia wanana (ʻaʻole hiki i ke kino ke lilo i mea ʻole ʻole ke kōkua a ʻona ʻole paha), akā naʻe, ke noi ʻia nei nā hana no nā poʻe me ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe no ka vascular pathology e kāohi a hōʻemi iā LDL i ka pae kiʻekiʻe.
Me kahi nui o nā 4.138 mmol / l, ke koho ʻia nei ke koho ʻana i ka meaʻai e hoʻemi i ko lākou pae i 3.362 (a i ʻole ka liʻiliʻi), kahi pae ma luna o 4.914 e lawelawe nei ma ke ʻano he kuhikuhi no ka hoʻopuka ʻana i nā maʻi ma ka hana hoʻoliʻi i kā lākou intake o nā lāʻau lapaʻau.
ʻO ka hoʻonuiʻana o ke kahe o ke koko o ka "kolamu maikaʻi" e hōʻino ʻia e nā mea:
- ka hana kino kino (hana kino);
- ka overeating (hilinaʻi ʻana i ka meaʻai), a me kona mau hopena - ka momona nui a me ka momona;
- nā kaupaona o ka meaʻai - me ka nui o nā momona, kahi hoʻokaʻawale a hoʻoneʻe i ke kālai (nā ʻūlū, nā muffins) i ka hōʻino ʻana i nā mea o nā pectin, ka huaʻoniʻona, nā huaora, nā mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, nā momona momona o ke ʻano polyunsaturated;
- ka hele ʻana o nā maʻi ʻonaʻohana kahiko (ka uahi ʻana, inu ʻona i ke ʻano o nā mea inu like ʻole, ka inu ʻana i ka lā)
ʻO ka heleʻana o kahi patika maʻa he hopena ikaika ka hopena;
- maʻi maʻi pālolo;
- nā hopena endocrine me ka hyperproduction o nā hormones o ka adrenal cortex, ka nele o ka thyroid a i ʻole ka sex sex, a i ʻole diabetes mellitus;
- ka huakaola a me ka maʻi hepatic me ka pilikia o kekahi mau manawa o ka synthes o "lipoproteins" waiwai "e kū nei i kēia mau hanana;
- dyslipoproteinemia hoʻoilina.
ʻO ke kaila o ka cholesterol metabolism ka mea kūpono i ka mokuahi o ka microflora ʻawa, e hāpai ana (a pale ʻole paha) i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o ka momona ʻaʻai, a komo pū i ka synthesis, hoʻololi, a me ka luku ʻana i ka sterols o ka exogenous a i ka endogenous kumu.
A ʻo kekahi wīwī, e hōʻemi i ka hōʻike o ka "bad" kolepa alakaʻi:
- ka hoʻonaʻauao kino, nā pāʻani, ka hula;
- ke mālama nei i kahi olakino olakino ʻole me ka inu ʻole a me ka waiʻona;
- ke kīʻaha kūpono me ka nui o ka hoʻoweliweli maʻalahi i ka haʻalulu, me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o nā holoholona momona o kahi hui saturated - akā me kahi kiko o ka momona, nā momona momona o polyunsaturated, lipotropic factor (lecithin, methionine, choline), nā wahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, nā huaora.
Video mai ka loea.
Pehea ke kaʻina o ke kino?
ʻO ka 20% o ka kolamu wale nō e komo i ke kino me ka meaʻai e hoʻopau ai - e hoʻihoʻi ana i ke koena 80% o ia wale nō, i ka hoʻopili ʻia o ka ate, ua hana ʻia ke kaʻina hana mailo o ka endoplasmic reticulum o nā huaʻelima:
- nāole;
- nā kīleʻa adrenal;
- ʻōpala
- ʻōhua ulu kino.
Ma waho o ka hana papa kuʻuna no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka molekole kolamu i ho'ākāka ʻia ma luna, hiki nō hoʻi ke hana ia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi hana no-mevalonate. No laila, ʻo kekahi o nā koho i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kahi mea mai loko o ka glucose (e hele ana ma o nā ʻenehana ʻē aʻe a ma lalo o nā kūlana ʻē aʻe o ka mea nui).
