ʻO kekahi o nā ʻano o nā pūhui koikoi pono e pono ai no ka hana piha o ke kino kanaka i nā mea kalaka.
Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou i kekahi mau ʻano e like me ko lākou hoʻolālā - monosaccharides, disaccharides a me polysaccharides Pono e hoʻomaopopo i ke kumu e pono ai lākou a he aha kā lākou waiwai a me nā mea kūlohelohe.
Ka papa huina
ʻO nā kākākūkā ka mea e hoʻopili ai nā carbon, hydrogen a me oxygen. ʻO ka pinepine ka hnna o nā kumu kūlohelohe, ʻoiai ʻo kekahi e hana ʻia me ka ʻoihana. Nui ka nui o kā lākou hana i ke ola o nā mea ola.
ʻO kā lākou hana nui penei:
- ʻ .lelo. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO kēia mau pūhui kumu ke kumu nui o ka ikehu. ʻO ka hapanui o nā hui ke hana holoʻokoʻa ma muli o ka ikehu i loaʻa i ka manawa o ka oxygen o glucose.
- Hoʻopiʻi. ^ E Ha yM. Pono ʻia nā kapalaila no ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka hapa o nā kelua kino a pau. Hoʻokomo ka Fiber i ka hana o kahi mea kākoʻo, a me nā iwi paʻakikī i nā iwi a me ka cartilage. ʻO kekahi o nā mea pono o nā membranes o ka waikawa hyaluronic. Pono pono nā mea hoʻonaʻauola kālai ʻana i ka hana o nā kinina.
- Kukulu. ^ E Ha yM. Ke hana nei ke kino, ke hana nei nā keli e huna i nā wai huna secretid i pono e pale i nā kino o loko mai nā hopena pathogenic. ʻO kahi mahele nui o kēia mau likuna e hōʻike ʻia ana e nā kaʻe.
- Ke kānāwai. ^ E Ha yM. Hōʻike ʻia kēia hana i ka hopena ma ke kino o ke kūlohelohe o ke kanaka (kākoʻo i ka homeostasis, ka hoʻokele osmotic pressure) a me ke kao (e pili i ka gastrointestinal motility).
- Nā hiʻohiʻona kūikawā. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO lākou kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona o kekahi mau palaki. Hoʻokomo ʻia kēlā mau hana kūikawā: ka komo ʻana i ke kaʻina o ka hoʻoiho ʻana i nā mea hoʻonāukiuki o ke nerve, ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā hui koko ʻē aʻe, etc.
Hoʻokumu i ka ʻike o kaʻokoʻa o nā haʻalulu heʻokoʻa like ʻole, hiki ke manaʻo ʻia e ʻokoʻa kēia mau pūhui i ko lākou ʻano a me nā hiʻohiʻona.
Heʻoiaʻiʻo kēia, a me kā lākou papa helu ʻano nui e pili ana i nā ʻano like ʻole:
- Nā Monosaccharides. ^ E Ha yM. Ua manaʻo ʻia he mea maʻalahi loa lākou. Ke koe nei ke ʻano o ka nui o nā calcium e kāhea ana i ka hana hydrolysis a wāwahi i lalo i nā māhele liʻiliʻi. ʻAʻole loaʻa iā Monosaccharides i kēia mana, ʻo ia ka huahana hope.
- Hoʻokawa ʻia. ^ E Ha yM. I kekahi mau papa, ua ʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou me oligosaccharides. ʻElua mau molekiola monosaccharide. Aia ma luna o lākou ua hoʻokaʻawale ka disaccharide i ka wā hydrolysis.
- Oligosaccharides. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka hoʻonohonohoʻana o kēia pūhui ua loaʻa mai 2 a 10 mau molekū monosaccharide.
- Hoʻolauleʻa. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO kēia mau pūhui nui ka nui loa. Hoʻopili lākou ma mua o 10 mau mole monosaccharide.
Hoʻokahi ʻano like o kēlā me kēia ʻano pākahi. Pono ʻoe e noʻonoʻo iā lākou i mea e hoʻomaopopo ai i ke ʻano o kēlā me kēia o ka maʻi o ke kanaka a me nā pōmaikaʻi.
Nā Monosaccharides
ʻO kēia mau pūhuiʻo ke kumu maʻalahi loa ia o nā ʻaina. Aia lākou i hoʻokahi molekele, no laila, i ka wā hydrolysis, ʻaʻole lākou i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā papa liʻiliʻi. Ke hui pū ʻia nā monosaccharides, ua disaccharides, oligosaccharides a me polysaccharides.
Hoʻohālike lākou e ka moku paʻa o ka ʻōpū a me ka hoʻāʻo ʻono. Hiki iā lākou ke komo i ka wai. Hiki iā lākou ke'ōwili i ka alcohols (ʻoi aku ka palupalu ma mua o ka wai). ʻAʻohe paʻakikī e kūleʻa ʻo Monosaccharides i ka hoʻopili ʻana me nā eter.
ʻO ka manawa pinepine, ua ʻōlelo ʻia nā monosaccharides. Hoʻopau ʻia kekahi o lākou e ka poʻe me ka meaʻai. Hoʻopili kēia i ka glucose, fructose a me ka galactose.
ʻIke ʻia lākou ma nā meaʻai e like me:
- meli;
- Kāwei
- hua
- kekahi ʻano waina;
- pōʻai, etc.
ʻO ka hana nui o nā kalapona o kēia ʻano ka ikehu. ʻAʻole hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia ʻaʻole hiki i ke kino ke hana me ka ʻole o lākou, akā he mau waiwai lākou e pono ai no ka hana piha o ke kino, no ka laʻana, ke komo ʻana i nā kaʻina metabolic.
Hoʻopili ke kino i ka monosaccharides i ka mea wikiwiki i ka hana i ka digestive tract. ʻO ke kaʻina o ka assimilation o nā kūmole kala paʻakikī, ʻaʻole like me nā pūhui māmā, ʻaʻole i maʻalahi ka maʻalahi. ʻO ka mea mua, pono e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea paʻakikī i ka monosaccharides, ma hope o ke kūʻana.
Hoʻolau
ʻO kēia kekahi o nā ʻano maʻamau o monosaccharides. He mea keʻokeʻo ia i ka mea ʻala kūlohelohe - i ka wā photosynthesis a i ka wā hydrolysis. ʻO ke ʻano hoʻohālikelike o ka pūhui ko C6H12O6. Hoʻolaha maikaʻi loa ka waiwai i ka wai, loaʻa kahi momona.
Hāʻawi ka Glucose i nā pūpū hoʻāla a me nā lolo a me ka ikaika. Ke hoʻāo ʻia ka hanu, komo ka waiwai, komo i ke kahe a palahalaha a puni ke kino. I laila, loaʻa kona oxidation me ka hoʻokuʻu o ka ikaika. ʻO kēia ke kumu nui o ka ikehu no ka lolo.
Me ka nele o ka glucose, e ulu ka hypoglycemia i ke kino, ka mea e pili nui i ka hana ʻana i nā hana kola. Eia nō naʻe, he pōpilikia ka nui o kona ʻikepili i loko o ke koko, no ka mea e alakaʻi i ka hiki ʻana o ka maʻi diabetes. Eia kekahi, ke hoʻopau nei i nā nui o ka glucose, e hoʻomaka ana ke kaumaha o ke kino e hoʻonui.
Kālā
No laila ka nui o nā monosaccharides a ua like loa ia i ka glucose. Hōʻike ʻia ia e ka hoʻolohi haʻahaʻa o ka assimilation. ʻO kēia no ka mea hoʻopili i ka assimilation e hoʻohuli mua ka fructose i ka glucose.
No laila, ua noʻonoʻo ʻia kēia pūhono me ka palekana no ka maʻi maʻi maʻi, ʻoiai kona ʻai ʻana ʻaʻole ia e alakaʻi i kahi hoʻololi koʻikoʻi i ka nui o ke kō i ka koko. Eia nō naʻe, me kahi maʻi o kēlā ʻano, pono ke mālama ʻia.
Hiki i kēia waiwai ke kiʻi ʻia mai nā hua a me nā huaʻai, a mai ka meli hoʻi. ʻO ka maʻamau ke hui pū me ka glucose. Aia nō ka ʻāpana ma ke keʻokeʻo. Momona ka ʻono, a ʻoi aku ka ikaika o kēia hiʻohiʻona ma mua o ka hihia o ka glucose.
ʻO nā mea hoʻohui ʻē aʻe
ʻO nā mea hoʻohui ʻē aʻe monosaccharide e noho nei. Hiki iā lākou ke kūlohelohe a me nā semi-ʻano.
No Galactose ke kūlohelohe. Loaʻa nō ia ma nā meaʻai, akā ʻaʻole ia e kū i kona ʻano maʻemaʻe. ʻO Galactose ka hopena o ka hydrolysis o ka lactose. ʻO kona kumu kumu nui i kapa ʻia he waiu.
ʻO nā monosaccharides kūlohelohe kekahi, deoxyribose a me mannose.
Aia nō hoʻi nā ʻano like ʻole o ia mau mea kanu, no ka mea ʻenehana e hoʻohana ʻia.
ʻIke ʻia kēia mau mea i ka meaʻai a hoʻokomo i ke kino kanaka:
- ramnose;
- ʻrylelo ʻole;
- ribulose;
- D-xylose;
- L-allose;
- D-sorbose, etc.
Hoʻohana ʻia kēlā me kēia mau pūnaehana me kāna mau hiʻohiʻona a me nā hana.
ʻO nā disaccharides a me kā lākou hoʻohana
ʻO ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōpiopio e hele mai nei he disaccharides. Ua manaʻo ʻia nā mea paʻakikī. Ma muli o ka hydrolysis, ʻelua mau molekina monosaccharide i hoʻokumu ʻia mai lākou.
ʻO kēia ʻano o ke kālaiʻu i kēia mau hiʻohiʻona:
- paakiki
- haaheo i ka wai;
- kikowaena hewa i loko o nā alcohols paʻa;
- momona maikaʻi;
- uala - mai keokeo a hiki i ke kala.
ʻO nā mea waiwai nui o ka disaccharides ka hydrolysis kūʻai (ua wāwahi ʻia nā kaula glycosidic a i kuhi ʻia nā monosaccharides) a me ka hoʻokele (ʻano i ka polysaccharides).
Aia he 2 ʻano o ia mau pūhui:
- Hoʻihoʻi hou. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO kā lākou hiʻohiʻona o ka hui ʻana o kahi hui semi-acetal hydroxyl. Ma muli o ia, ua hōʻemi nā huahana i nā waiwai. Kūkulu kēia pūʻulu o nā calcium i ka cellobiose, maltose a me lactose.
- ʻAʻole ke hoʻoponopono. ^ E Ha yM. ʻAʻole hiki ke hōʻemi ʻia kēia mau pūhui, no ka mea ka nele lākou i ka hui semi-acetal hydroxyl. ʻO nā mea ʻike maikaʻi loa o kēia ʻano ʻo ka sucrose a me ka trehalose.
Ua pālahalaha kēia mau mea i loko o ke ʻano. Hiki iā lākou ke loaʻa ma nā lua a me nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa. ʻO ka disaccharides kahi kumu ikehu, no ka mea, i hoʻokumu ʻia ka glucose mai o lākou aku i ka wā hydrolysis.
He mea koʻikoʻi ʻo Lactose no nā keiki, ʻo ia ka mea nui i ka ʻai pēpē. ʻO ke hana ʻē aʻe o nā kaū o ke ʻano o kēia ʻano he ʻano hana, ʻoiai ia he mau papa o ka cellulose, pono pono no ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā cell kanu.
Nā hiʻohiʻona a me nā hiʻohiʻona o nā polysaccharides
ʻO kekahi ʻano ʻē aʻe o nā mea kanu i ka polysaccharides. ʻO kēia ka meaʻoi loa o ka pilina. ʻO kā lākou helu helu nui o nā monosaccharides (kā lākou mea nui he glucose). I ka hana ʻana o nā pānaʻi hana, ʻaʻole i lawe ʻia nā polysaccharides - i lawe mua ʻia ko lākou cleavage.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o kēia mau ʻano mea:
- insolubility (ai ʻole solubility maikaʻi ʻole) i ka wai;
- ʻulaʻulaʻula (a i ʻole kala kala);
- aole na haki;
- aneane pau ʻole ko lākou āpau (ʻoluʻolu kekahi.
ʻO nā mea ʻona o kēia mau mea e komo ai ka hydrolysis, ka mea i lawe ʻia ma lalo o ke ʻano o nā kola. ʻO ka hopena o ka hopena ka hoʻonāukiuki o ka hoʻopili i nā mea uila - monosaccharides.
ʻO kekahi waiwai ʻē aʻe ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o nā kumuwaiwai. Hiki i ka Polysaccharides ke pane me ka waikawa.
ʻOkoʻa nā huahana i kūkulu ʻia i kēia mau kaʻina hana. ʻO kēia ka acetate, nāhelehele, nā esters, nā phosphates, etc.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ka polysaccharides:
- kōpana;
- cellulose;
- glycogen;
- chitin.
ʻO ke wikiō hoʻonaʻauao ma luna o nā hana a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā pākīpī:
He mea koʻikoʻi kēia mau mea no ka hana holoʻokoʻa o ke kino holoʻokoʻa a me nā pūpona i hoʻokahi. Hāʻawi lākou i ke kino me ka ikehu, komo i ke kūkulu ʻana o nā wahī, pale i nā kino o loko mai ka pōʻino a me nā hopena ʻino. Lawe pū lākou i nā kuleana o nā mea mālama i pono ai nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu i kahi wā paʻakikī.
